Skill 10 - Adjective Clause Connector / Subject

In Skill 10 we will see that in some cases an adjective clause connector is not just a connector; an adjective clause connector can also be the subject of the clause at the same time.

 

In the first example, there are two clauses: we is the subject of the verb are looking, and that is the subject of the verb is. These two clauses are joined with the connector that. Notice that in this example the word that serves two functions at the same time: it is the subject of the verb is, and it is the connector that joins the two clauses. The adjective clause that is quite expensive describes the noun house.

In the second example, there are also two clauses: house is the subject of the verb seems, and that is the subject of the verb is. In this example, that also serves two functions: it is the subject of the verb is, and it is the connector that joins the two clauses. Because that is quite expensive is an adjective clause describing the noun house, it directly follows house.

The following example shows how these sentence patterns could be tested in the Structure section of the TOEFL test.

Example

______ just dropped off a package for you is my sister.

(A) The woman
(B) The woman who
(C) Because the woman
(D) With the woman

In this example, you should notice immediately that the sentence has two verbs, dropped and is, and each of them needs a subject. The only answer that has two subjects is answer (B), so answer (B) is the correct answer. The correct sentence should say: The woman who just dropped off a package for you is my sister. In this sentence woman is the subject of the verb is, and who is the subject of the verb dropped. Who is also the connector that joins the two clauses?

The following chart lists the adjective clause connector/subjects and the sentence patterns used with them.

EXERCISE 10: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

1. The children that were vaccinated did not get sick. (C)
    Analysis:
    First Clause      : The children did not get sick (correct)
    Second Clause : that were vaccinated (correct)

THAT functions as CONNECTOR  and SUBJECT, too. Verb is WERE.

2. I did not vote for the politician who he just won the election. (I)
    Analysis:
    First Clause      :  I did not vote the politician. (Correct)
    Second Clause :  Who he just won the election (Incorrect)
                               It should be "Who just won the election".

There are double subject: WHO and HE. WHO  functions as CONNECTOR and SUBJECT. WON is Verb. So, remove HE.
                              
3. The dog that barking belongs to my neighbor. (I)
    Analysis:
    First Clause      : The dog belongs to my neighbor (correct)
    Second Clause :  that barking (incorrect).

THAT functions as CONNECTOR and SUBJECT. But IS is missing. The second sentence should be "that is barking".

4. I took two of the blue pills, which were very effective. (C)
    Analysis :
    First Clause      : I took two of the blue pills. (correct)
    Second Clause :  which were very effective (correct)

Which fucntions as CONNECTOR ans SUBJECT, too.

5. We rented an apartment from the landlord who does he own the buildings on Maple Street. (I)
    Analysis  :
    First Clause      :  We rented an apartment from the Landlord. (correct)
    Second Clause :  Who does he own the building on Maple Street. (incorrect)

Who functions as Connector and Subject. Own is VERB. Does and HE should be removed.

The correct sentence is Who owns the building on Maple Street.

6. She forgot to attend the meeting which it began at 11:00. (I)
    Analysis  :
    First Clause     : She forgot to attend the meeting. (correct)
    Second clause : which it began at 11:00. (incorrect)

WHICH fucntions as Connector and Subject, too. began is Verb.
 it should be removed. So, the correct sentence is which began at 11:00.

7. Any student who does not turn in the paper by Friday will fail the class. (C)
    Analysis   :
    First clause      : Any student will fail the class. (correct).
    Second clause : who does not turn in the paper by Friday. (correct).

Who functions as connector and Subject, too. Verb is does not turn in.

8. The people which came in late had to sit at the back. (C)
    Analysis  :
    First clause      : The people has to sit back. (correct)
    Second clause :  which came in late. (correct).

which functions as connector and subject. Verb is came.

9. The courses that satisfy the graduation requirements they are difficult. (I)
   Analysis     :
   First clause      : The course they are difficult. (incorrect)

There are double subjects: the course and they. So, they should be removed. The  correct clause should be the course are difficult.

   Second clause :  that satisfy the graduation requirements. (correct)

10. After dinner she went to visit her parents, who were living down the street. (C).
  Analysis    :
  First clause      : After dinner she went to visit her parents. (correct).
  Scond clause   : who were living in the street. (correct).

Who functions as connector and subject. Verb is are living.

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Skill 9 - Adjective Clause Connector

An adjective clause describes a noun. Because the clause is an adjective, it is positioned directly after the noun that it describes.

 

In the first example, there are two clauses: this is the subject of the verb is, and I is the subject of the verb want. That is the adjective clause connector that joins these two clauses, and the adjective clause that I want to buy describes the noun house.

In the second example, there are also two clauses: house is the subject of the verb is, and I is the subject of the verb want. In this sentence also, that is the adjective clause connector that joins these two clauses, and the adjective clause that I want to buy describes the noun house.

The following example shows how these sentence patterns could be tested in the Structure section of the TOEFL test.

Example

The job _____ started yesterday was rather difficult.

(A) when

(B) was

(C) after

(D) that he

In this example, you should notice quickly that there are two clauses: job is the subject of the verb was, and the verb started needs a subject. Because there are two clauses, a connector is also needed. Answers (A) and (C) have connectors, but there are no subjects, so these answers are not correct. Answer (B) changes started into a passive verb; in this case the sentence would have one subject and two verbs, so answer (B) is not correct. The best answer to this question is answer (D). The correct sentence should say: The job that he started yesterday was rather difficult. In this sentence job is the subject of the verb was, he is the subject of the verb started, and the connector that joins these two clauses.

The following chart lists the adjective clause connectors and the sentence pat terns used with them.

EXERCISE 9: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

1. I did not believe the story that he told me. (C)

Analysis:

First Clause                             : I did not believe the story

Second Clause                        : He told me

Adjective clause connector      : that

2. Ms. Brown, whom did you recommend for the job, will start work tomorrow.(I)

Analysis:

First clause                              : Ms. Brown will start work tomorrow

Second clause                         : Did you recommend for the job (incorrect)

            It should be you recommended for the job

Adjective clause connector      : whom

The correct sentence is Ms. Brown, who you recommended for the job, will start work tomorrow.

3. The lecture notes which lent me were not clearly written.(I)

Analysis:

First clause                              : The lecture notes were not clearly written

Second clause                         : lent me (incorrect)

                                                It should be I lent

Adjective clause connector      :which

The correct sentence is the lecture notes which I lent were not clearly written

4. Sally has an appointment with the hairdresser whom you recommended. (C)

Analysis:

First clause                              : Sally has an appointment with the hairdresser

Second clause                         : you recommended

Adjective clause connector      : whom

5. The phone number that you gave me.

Analysis:
First clause                              : The phone number (incorrect: no verb)

Second clause                         : you gave me

Adjective clause connector      : that

The correct sentence is The phone number that you gave me is wrong

6. She is able to solve all the problems which did she cause.(I)

Analysis:
First clause                              : She is able to solve the problems

Second clause                         : did she cause (incorrect)

                                                It should be she caused

Adjective clause connector      : She is able to solve all the problems which she caused

7. The day that she spent on the beach left her sunburned. (C)

Analysis:

First clause                              : The day left her sunburned

Second clause                         : she spend on the beach

Adjective clause connector      : that

8. Next week I am going to visit my cousins, whom have not seen in several years.(I)

Analysis:
First clause                              : Next week I am going to visit my cousins

Second clause                         : have not seen in several years (incorrect)

                                                It should be I have not seen in several years

Adjective clause connector      : whom

The correct sentence is Next week I am going to visit my cousins, whom i have not seen in several years

9. Did you forget the promise whom you made? (C)

Analysis:
First clause                              : Did you forget the promise

Second clause                         : made?

Adjective clause connector      : whom

10. The teacher whom the students like the most is their history teacher.

Analysis:
First clause                             : The teacher is their history teacher

Second clause                        : the students like the most

Adjective clause connector     : whom

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Skill 8 - Noun Clause Connector / Subject

In Skill 8 we will see that in some cases a noun clause connector is not just a connector; a noun clause connector can also be the subject of the clause at the same time. Study the clauses and connectors in the following sentences.

(Indonesian Version)

I know what happened yesterday

            NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF VERB

We are thinking about what happened yesterday.

                                  NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF PREPOSITION

In the first example, there are two clauses: I know and what happened yesterday. These two clauses are joined by the connector what. It is important to understand that in this sentence the word what serves two functions. It is both the subject of the verb happened and the connector that joins the two clauses.

 

In the second example, there are two clauses. In the first clause we is the subject of are thinking. In the second clause what is the subject of happened. What also serves as the connector that joins the two clauses. The noun clause what happened yesterday functions as the object of the preposition about.

The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in the Structure section of the TOEFL test.

Example

The company was prepared for ________ happened with the economy.

(A) it
(B) the problem
(C) what
(D) when

EXERCISE 8: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

1. The teacher heard who answered the question. (C)
    Analysis:
    Who answered the question is a noun clause connector, and the sentence is correct.

2. I do not understand it went wrong. (I)
    Analysis:
    it went wrong is a noun clause connector/subject. But, the sentence is incorrect.
    It should be what went wrong

3. Of the three movies, I can’t decide which is the best. (C)
   Analysis:
   Which is the best is a noun clause connector/subject. The sentence is correct.
   
4. She did not remember who in her class. (I)
   Analysis:
   Who in her class is a noun clause connector, but the sentence is incorrect.
   It should be Who is in her class.

5. No one is sure what did it happen in front of the building. (I)
   Analysis:
   What did it happen in front of the building is a nouc clause connector, but the sentence is incorrect.
   It should be what happened in front of the building.

6. We found out which was her favorite type of candy. (C)
    Analysis:
   Which was her favorite type of candy is a noun clause connector/subject, and the sentence is correct.
  
7. Do you know what caused the plants to die? (C)
   Analysis:
   What caused the plants to die is a noun clause connector/subject and the sentence is correct.

8. I am not sure which it is the most important course in the program. (I)
   Analysis:
   which it is the most important course in the program is a nou clause connector/subject, but it is
   incorrect.
   It should be which is the most important course in the program.

9. We thought about who would be the best vice president.(C)
    Analysis:
   Who would be the best vice president is a noun clause connector, and the sentence is correct.

10. She saw what in the box in the closet. (I)
   Analysis:
   What in the box in the closet is a noun clause connector, but it is incorrect.
   It should be what is in the box in the closet.

Skill 7 – Noun Clause Connector

A noun clause is a clause that functions as a noun; because the noun clause functions as a noun, it can be used in a sentence as an object of a verb (if it follows a verb) or an object of a preposition (if it follows a preposition). Study the clauses and connectors in the following sentences.

(Indonesian Version)

In the first example, there are two clauses, I don’t know and he said such things. These two clauses are joined with the connector why. Why changes the clause he said such things into a noun clause which functions as the object of the verb don’t know.

In the second example, the two clauses I am thinking and he said such things are also joined by the connectorwhy. Why changes the clause he said such things into a noun clause which functions as the object of the preposition about.

The following example shows how these sentence patterns could be tested in the Structure section of the TOEFL test

Example

The citizens worry about ____ is doing.

(A) what the government
(B) the government
(C) what
(D) what the government it

In this example, the sentence contains the main subject and verb, the citizens worry, and it also contains an additional verb, is doing. The sentence needs a subject for the verb is doing and a connector to join the two clauses. The best answer is answer (A) because it has the connector what and the subject government. Answer (B) is incorrect because it does not have a connector. Answer (C) is incorrect because it does not have a subject for is doing. Answer (D) is incorrect because it has two subjects for is doing.

The following chart lists the noun clause connectors and the sentence patterns used with them.

EXERCISE 7: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

1. It is unfortunate that the meal is not ready yet. (C)
    Analysis:
    Both clauses are correct because they have subject and verb 

2. She told me when should pick up the children. (I)
    Analyisis:
     should pick up the children is incorrect. It should be  I should pick up the children. 

3. The instructor explained where was the computer lab located. (I)
    Analysis:
    Where was the computer lab located is incorrect. It should be where the computer lab was located.

4. We could not believe what he did to us. (C)
    Analysis:
    Both clauses are correct.

5. Do you want to know if it going to rain tomorrow? (I)
   Analysis:
   If it going to rain tomorrow is incorrect. It should be If it is going to rain tomorrow.

6. We never know whether we will get paid or not. (C)
    Analysis:
    Both clauses are correct

7. This evening you can decide what do you want to do. (I)
    Analysis:
     Second clause: what do you want to do is incorrect. It should be what you want to do.

8. The manager explained how wanted the work done. (C)
    Analysis:
    Second clause: how wanted the work done is incorrect. It should be how he wanted work done. 

9. The map showed where the party would be held. (C)
     Analysis:
     Both clauses are correct

10. Can you tell me why was the mail not delivered today? (I)
      Analysis:

      Second clause: why was the mail not delivered today is incorrect. It should be why the mail was not

      delivered today.

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